Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts

UN chief urges faster response to global warming

DOHA, Qatar (AP) — U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on Tuesday urged governments to speed up talks to forge a joint response to global warming, describing it as an "existential challenge for the whole human race."

Ban addressed the opening of the high-level segment of annual U.N. climate talks, involving environment ministers and climate officials from nearly 200 countries. They're discussing future emissions reductions and climate aid to poor countries.

Pointing to the destruction caused by Hurricane Sandy in North America and the Caribbean in late October, along with other weather disasters this year, Ban said "abnormal" has become the new normal as the world warms, presenting a "crisis, a threat to us all, our economies, our security and the well-being of our children."

Climate scientists say it's difficult to link a single weather event to global warming, but some say the damage caused by Sandy was made worse by the rise of sea level.

"No one is immune to climate change, rich or poor," Ban said. "It is an existential challenge for the whole human race." He warned, "the pace and scale of action are still not enough."

Ban said countries are "in a race against time" to reach their goal of keeping the temperature rise below a threshold of 2 degrees C (3.6 F), compared to preindustrial times, when fossil fuels were not being used on today's massive scale, fueling engines of all sizes.

Climate scientists have observed changes including melting Arctic ice and permafrost, rising sea levels and acid content of oceans, shifting rainfall patterns with impacts on floods and droughts.

They say low-lying Pacific island states, in particular, are losing shoreline to rising seas, expanding from heat and the runoff of melting ice.

Ban noted that time is running out for governments to act, citing recent reports showing rising emissions of greenhouse gases, which most scientists say are causing the warming trend. A small minority of climate scientists still reject that.

"Let us avoid all the skepticism. Let us prove wrong all these doubts on climate change," Ban said at a side event earlier Tuesday.

Governments represented at the Doha conference have started talks on crafting a new global climate treaty that would take effect in 2020. They are also discussing how to rein in greenhouse gas emissions before then, partly by extending the Kyoto Protocol, a treaty limiting the emissions of most industrialized countries that expires this year.

One of the most hotly debated issues in the talks that started last week has been the pledges by rich countries three years ago to deliver financing to help poor countries to switch to cleaner energy sources and adapt to climate change.

Developing countries complained of the lack of firm commitments on financing in Doha. On Tuesday, Britain on announced three initiatives totaling 133 million pounds over the next three years for climate-related projects in developing countries.

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Texas teen takes home $100K national science prize

WASHINGTON (AP) — A high school student from Texas  has won a $100,000 scholarship for a developing a computer algorithm that helps robots navigate around obstacles, an algorithm that could be used in applications like driverless cars.

The Siemens Foundation announced the winners of its annual science competition for high school students during a ceremony in Washington on Tuesday. Top individual honors went to 17-year-old Kensen Shi of College Station, Texas. He combined two previous algorithms into a new and more efficient one that helps robots find a safe path around obstacles.

Shi, a senior at A&M Consolidated High School, said his algorithm could also be used in robots in factories and in animation and video game design to create more realistic motion for virtual characters.

Top team honors went to a trio of students from George W. Hewlett High School in Hewlett, N.Y., for their research on a protein linked to tumor formation. Seniors Jeremy Appelbaum, William Gil and Allen Shin, all 17, will share a $100,000 scholarship.

Six individuals and six teams were competing for awards. The students were the winners of regional competitions.

The runners-up in the team and individual competitions went home with $50,000 scholarships. Jiayi Peng, 17, a senior at Horace Greeley High School in Chappaqua, N.Y., won second place for her work building and studying a model that simulates the neuron network in the brain. Peng, the only female competing for individual honors, said she's interested in studying math or physics in college.

Second place team honors went to Daniel Fu and Patrick Tan of Indiana, who created new math techniques that make it easier to analyze networks of genes and proteins in the body. The networks are responsible for body rhythms involved in things like sleep. The 16-year-old juniors got the idea for their project after watching the 2010 movie "Inception," which is about sleep and dreams.

The Siemens Foundation is a philanthropic arm of Siemens USA, which is a subsidiary of German industrial conglomerate Siemens AG. The Siemens Competition began in 1998. This year more than 1,500 projects were submitted to the competition, which is funded by the Siemens Foundation and administered by the College Board.
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Women can tell a cheating man just by looking at them - study

HONG KONG (Reuters) - Women can tell with some accuracy whether an unfamiliar male is faithful simply by looking at his face, but men seem to lack the same ability when checking out women, according to an Australian study published on Wednesday.

In a paper that appeared in the journal Biology Letters, the researchers found that women tended to make that judgement based on how masculine-looking the man was.

"Women's ratings of unfaithfulness showed small-moderate, significant correlations with measures of actual infidelity," wrote the team, led by Gillian Rhodes at the ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders at the University of Western Australia in Perth.

"More masculine-looking men (were) rated as more probable to be unfaithful and having a sexual history of being more unfaithful."

Attractiveness was not a factor in the women making the link.

In the study, 34 men and 34 women were shown colour photographs of 189 Caucasian adult faces and asked to rate them for faithfulness.

The researchers compared their answers to the self-reported sexual histories of the 189 individuals and found that the women participants were better able to tell who was faithful and who was not.

"We provide the first evidence that faithfulness judgements, based solely on facial appearance, have a kernel of truth," they wrote in the paper.

Men, on the other hand, seemed to have no clue. They tended to perceive attractive, feminine women to be unfaithful, when there was no evidence that they were, the scientists noted.

Faithfulness is seen as important in the context of sexual relationships and mate choice, the scientists wrote in the paper. Men with unfaithful partners risk raising another man's child, while women with unfaithful partners risk losing some, or even all, parental and other resources to competitors.
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Government finds extra money for science in austere times

LONDON (Reuters) - Intense lobbying by Britain's science community seems to be paying off as Chancellor George Osborne announced an extra 600 million pounds for capital investment in science over the next three years.

The new money follows a string of recent decisions to spend more on science, including 50 million pounds for a graphene research centre in Manchester and a 30 percent increase in Britain's contribution to the European Space Agency.

Osborne's announcement in an Autumn budget update to parliament on Wednesday goes some way to reversing previous cuts and was welcomed by campaigners and leaders of British science.

"The announcement today of an additional 600 million pounds of capital investment will hopefully help ensure that our world leading scientists have world leading facilities with which to work," said Paul Nurse, president of the Royal Society, Britain's national science academy.

Mark Walport, head of the Wellcome Trust medical research charity, said Osborne was "right to recognise that investment in world-class science and the world-class infrastructure it requires must be integral to any strategy for driving growth, even in times of austerity."

The latest investment is in stark contrast to the cuts in other areas of government spending aimed at paying down the debts from the financial crisis.

The new funds will be used to back what the government sees as areas of scientific research that offer the best economic return.

Priority areas like advanced materials research, energy efficient computing and energy storage were outlined by Osborne in a speech at the Royal Society last month.

After that speech, Paul Nurse told Osborne: "Please remember to put your money where your mouth is."

Nurse welcomed Wednesday's announcement, saying innovation is key to economic growth and science is the raw material for that innovation.

"The Chancellor clearly understands this and his ongoing commitment to investing in science, despite the difficult financial circumstances, is very welcome."

In the wake of Osborne's November speech some critics warned of the danger of government trying to pick scientific "winners" and argued that focusing on particular areas could backfire.

Nurse echoed those fears on Wednesday, warning: "We must also make sure that we maintain capital and other support across a broad range of science."

Imran Khan, director of the Campaign for Science and Engineering and a strong critic of the government's previous cuts to the science capital budget, welcomed the new money and told Reuters it means previous cuts have "mostly" been reversed.

"In the coming decades we won't be able to compete internationally on natural resources or cheap labour, so the government's plan to build British excellence in areas like synthetic biology and energy-efficient computing instead is absolutely critical," said Khan. ($1 = 0.6209 British pounds)
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Arctic's Record Melt Worries Scientists

 SAN FRANCISCO — Arctic glaciers retreated at record levels in 2012, while summer snow melted in the region much more rapidly than it has in the past, according to a new report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA).

The findings, presented here Wednesday (Dec. 5) at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union, are part of the annual "Arctic Report Card," which was assembled by more than 140 scientists to assess the state of the North Pole.

The report found that Greenland's Arctic sea ice and glaciers were melting at a record rate and that sea-level rise has accelerated in the region. That has caused a population boom in lower-level organisms such as plankton, but has disrupted the life cycles of animals ranging from lemmings to the Arctic fox.

But the impacts of the warming Arctic may reach beyond the northern latitudes, said Jane Lubchenco, the undersecretary of commerce for oceans and the atmosphere for NOAA, during a press conference.

"What happens in the Arctic doesn't always stay in the Arctic. We're seeing Arctic changes in the ocean and the atmosphere that affect weather patterns elsewhere," she said.

Major melt

In 2012, Greenland saw the warmest summer in 170 years, said Jason E. Box, of the Byrd Polar Research Center.

And September sea-ice extent — the area of water with at least 15 percent sea ice — throughout the Arctic is the lowest on record (which dates to 1979), beating the previous record set in just 2007.

Melting of the Greenland ice sheet also beat previous records set in 2010, with almost the entire sheet melting by mid-July, Box said.

"The 40 largest glaciers lost an area about twice that of the previous decade average," he said. "Extensive surface melting was documented for the first time at the highest elevations of the ice sheet." [Images of Melt: Earth's Vanishing Ice]

That's contributing to fast-rising seas and warmer ocean waters, Box added.

In addition, the higher melting has reduced the reflectivity of the ice surface, causing land areas to absorb more heat, which causes more melt in a self-reinforcing cycle, he said.

Summer snowmelt in the Northern Hemisphere also accelerated further decreasing the reflectivity of the land — as snow reflects more sunlight back to space than exposed land — and causing the land to trap more heat in a positive feedback cycle.

Life changes

All this warming has caused a change in the organisms that live in the North, said Martin Jeffries, a geophysicist at the University of Alaska and an editor of the report card.

"Unexpectedly large phytoplankton blooms have been observed this summertime," Jeffries said. Prior estimates of how much plankton was blooming may have been 10 times too low, he added.

In areas near melting sea ice, the tundra's permafrost, or permanently frozen soil, is also greening, with a longer summer season and warmer summers, he said. Permafrost temperatures 66 feet (20 meters) below the surface were the highest on record at eight of 10 observatories in Alaska, and matched the 2011 records at two sites.

That soil warming is affecting some of the iconic species of the Arctic, such as the lemmings or small rodents, whose life cycles are getting more chaotic and unpredictable, Jeffries said. Warming weather has also increased pressure on the Arctic fox, which relies on the lemming as its main food source.

"The larger red fox has been expanding its range northward, leading to predation on and competition with the Arctic fox for food and resources," he said.

These changes could impact areas other than the Arctic, Lubchenco said.

"We know that melting ice in Greenland can contribute to sea-level rise around the world, and many of the biological changes we are seeing around the world affect systems elsewhere, for instance migratory birds."

For instance, rising sea levels may have contributed to record surge heights along the U.S. coastline during Hurricane Sandy, Lubchenco told LiveScience.
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